23 sources, listed with what each one publishes, the level of detail it publishes at, and the license we hold it under. Some are already behind pages on this site; others are connected and waiting. The pages themselves are in the catalog.
EU-wide regional data in one schema — population, life expectancy, GDP per capita, unemployment, at-risk-of-poverty rate, housing cost overburden and foreign-born share live on the Europe map; inflation (HICP) and residence permits are cataloged but national-grain only, so may never become map layers (docs/data-sources.md §3.3, §12A).
Comune-level demographics: resident population, migration flows, foreign residents by citizenship, across ~7,900 comuni. Plus BES (Benessere Equo e Sostenibile) territorial well-being — 67 indicators across 11 domains, for all 107 province.
Two comune-level tourism datasets, both bulk file downloads (ISTAT publishes these dataflows as ZIPs, not queryable SDMX endpoints): monthly arrivals and nights spent (presenze) at registered accommodation, disclosed for about 2,400 of Italy's ~7,900 comuni for statistical-confidentiality reasons; and registered bed capacity (plus its hotel-vs-everything-else category breakdown), covering essentially all ~7,900 comuni with no such suppression. Together: how full a comune's tourist beds get across the year, how many of them exist, and what kind. Measures registered commercial accommodation only, not private second homes.
Regional Statistics at TL2/TL3 (Eurostat NUTS-compatible for EU/EFTA countries, though several layers here found France and the UK coded at a coarser grain that doesn't match) — eight layers live on the Europe map from a systematic sweep of OECD's regional-statistics domains. The original 11-dimension "Regional Well-Being" composite this entry used to describe has been retired by OECD; it now publishes ~15 separate regional domains (economy, health, education, safety, etc.) instead. Better Life Index (the "How's Life" framework) is country-grain only, confirmed by its own dimension list — no subnational breakdown at all. Taxing Wages (tax-wedge by country) is also national-grain only.
Comune-level climate from the ERA5-Land reanalysis: average annual days above 30°C, average July daily maximum, average January daily minimum, average annual rainfall and average annual wet-day count, each a ten-year mean (2015–2024). Built against Copernicus CDS rather than Open-Meteo — Open-Meteo's free tier is non-commercial only and its paid tier's cheapest plan doesn't cover historical/climate data at all. Rainfall comes from a second, raw-hourly CDS dataset (the derived daily-statistics dataset used for temperature excludes accumulated variables like precipitation entirely). Sunshine duration isn't built (not a native ERA5 variable, so reproducing it would be an unverified derivation). A NUTS 2 version of the three temperature layers also runs for the Europe map, averaging every grid cell inside each region's own boundary rather than one nearest cell — the comune method's grid-is-roughly-town-sized assumption doesn't hold once a 'town' is Brussels-Capital or Nord-Norge.
Regional healthcare-quality scores from the Nuovo Sistema di Garanzia (NSG): prevention, community/district care, and hospital care, each 0–100 with 60 as the official "sufficiency" threshold. AGENAS PNE (hospital-level outcome indicators) is not built — its public site has no documented bulk-download or API, only an interactive search UI.
The national table of each comune's regulatory seismic zone (zona sismica 1 to 4), assembled by the Department from the acts of every Region and updated to 31 May 2025. It is a legal classification used for planning and building control, not a forecast and not a survey of any building. Shown as a hazard class on the map (class 4 is the official zona 1) and as the official zone on every comune page.
The communications regulator's quarterly map of Italy's fixed Internet access networks: a 20 m grid recording the best technology and speed available where the network reaches a building. Shown as the share of each comune's mapped locations with fibre to the home (FTTH). Locations, not households, and availability, not subscriptions.
The Ministry's census of hospital beds by site and discipline (Posti letto per stabilimento ospedaliero e disciplina, 2023). A site counts as a hospital with inpatient beds when it has ordinary or paying beds in at least one acute discipline. Shown as the road time from each comune's center to the nearest such site. Not necessarily a hospital with an emergency department. The Ministry publishes addresses, not coordinates, so sites are located with OpenStreetMap and a few cannot be (the layer's coverage note counts them).
The Ministry's yearly list of the hospital sites in the national emergency network (Elenco strutture della rete dell'emergenza ospedaliera, sites active at 31 December 2025), with each site's level: DEA level II, DEA level I or Pronto Soccorso, and whether it has a pediatric Pronto Soccorso. An emergency department here is a hospital the Ministry lists at any of the three levels; a Pronto Soccorso is not the same as a DEA, which is a larger department with more specialties on site, and the comune page says which level the nearest one is. Five sites listed with a pediatric Pronto Soccorso and no emergency level are not counted, and one row that is plainly a listing error (a rehabilitation clinic in Sangineto listed as DEA level II) is left out and named. Shown as the road time from each comune's main town to the nearest such site, and, as a second layer, to the nearest DEA level I or II alone. The list has addresses, not coordinates: each site takes the position of its entry in the Ministry's hospital bed census, or is located with OpenStreetMap, and a site that cannot be located is left out and counted. It is not a service guarantee: opening hours and reductions are not in the list.
The Ministry's open register of pharmacies (Open Data Farmacie), one row per pharmacy and period, with address and, for most rows, a coordinate. A pharmacy counts when its row has no end date; ordinary and branch pharmacies are kept, dispensari (small outposts with limited hours) are not. Shown as the road time from each comune's main town to the nearest one. Rows without a trustworthy coordinate are located from OpenStreetMap or an address geocode, and a pharmacy that cannot be located is left out and counted. It says nothing about opening hours or night and Sunday duty.
Italy's civil aviation authority publishes yearly traffic data for the airports open to commercial traffic (Dati di traffico 2025, table APT 1). An airport counts here when ENAC recorded at least 4,000 passengers there in 2025 (this leaves out two airports that carried almost none, Taranto-Grottaglie and Brescia-Montichiari); positions come from OurAirports (public domain). Shown as the road time from each comune's center to the nearest such airport. It says nothing about flights, routes or schedules.
OpenStreetMap volunteers' map of Italy. Used four ways: the road network behind every drive time (a Geofabrik extract routed with Valhalla), hospital and pharmacy positions for the Ministry lists, the supermarkets (shop=supermarket) and the railway stations with passenger service (railway=station or halt). The supermarket and station layers are less complete and less accurate than an official list, and say so; RFI publishes no national open list of its stations and there is no official list of supermarkets. Amenity counts within a radius (GP surgeries, schools) are not built yet.
Station-level PM2.5, PM10, NO₂ and ozone across Europe, downloadable programmatically. Mapped to comuni by nearest station.
Buy and rent prices in €/m², twice a year, by micro-zone within every Italian comune, broken down by property type and condition. The most granular official price data in the country.
Tax regimes AND visa/citizenship eligibility rules, encoded as versioned rules rather than prose — eligibility criteria, thresholds and source legislation — so a rule can be joined against the comune data on this site and turned into a map of the towns it actually covers. Not every rule here is a tax break: elective residency, the digital nomad visa and citizenship by descent are eligibility questions, not discounts.
Reported crime by province and offense type. The same underlying data behind Il Sole 24 Ore’s published crime index, rebuildable directly from source.
Country-level coverage for destinations outside the EU, plus UNDP subnational HDI including Italian regions.
The national open-data catalog — a discovery layer for regional and municipal datasets, not a source in itself. Each federated dataset's publishing agency sets its own license; dati.gov.it hosts the Italian Open Data License (IODL) 2.0 text as the common option many of them use.
One unified API over Eurostat, OECD, World Bank, ISTAT and ~80 other providers — a shortcut to a single ingestion client instead of six.
Municipal and regional IRPEF surcharges and IMU property-tax rates, set independently by each of ~7,900 comuni. The basis for a real effective-tax-rate comparison by town.
Finer-grained air, water and noise data than the EEA aggregate, region by region. Format and quality vary.
90 indicators across 107 province, published annually — the ranking Italians treat as authoritative. Reference only.
Tax regimes and immigration rules — the regime impatriati, the 7% flat tax for foreign pensioners in southern comuni, elective residency income thresholds, permesso di soggiorno pathways — don’t exist anywhere as structured data. No API publishes rules; only measurements.
So we encode them ourselves as versioned, sourced records: eligibility criteria, thresholds, qualifying comuni, effective dates, and the article of law each one comes from. Encoded as data rather than prose, a rule can be joined against the comune figures already on this site — which turns “towns of30,000 residents or fewer in eight southern regions, or in two earthquake zones” into a map of the 2,535 places it actually means, 2,424 of them through the southern route.
One is published so far — the 7% pensioner regime. The rest are named above because they’re what we’re working towards, not what’s built. Nothing here goes live until someone has checked it against the legislation, and each page says what it still doesn’t cover.
How each source is fetched, how micro-zones are rolled up to towns, why a province figure is never pushed down onto a town, and where the gaps are.